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Citation Manual - APA

* These citations were created using the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Fifth Edition and A Pocket Style Manual, Fourth Edition.

Credit should always be given for anyone else's ideas or words used.

Reference lists are ways to document information sources used.

A bibliography is an alphabetized list of information sources.
A reference list is the part of a formal research paper that lists, in bibliographic format, all the sources actually cited within the body of the report.
An annotated bibliography contains a short description of the information source after each citation.

Citation Guides

Books	Free Internet Sites	Brochures
CD Recordings	Interviews	Videocassette/DVD Programs
Encyclopedia and Reference Sources	Magazine/Newspaper Articles	Images
Scholarly Journal from an Online Subscription Service

Other Helpful Links

In-text Citations

aDatabase Citation Examples

BOOKS

Author's Last name, first name. (Year of publication). Title of work. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Examples:

One Author

Tapscott, D. (1998). Growing up digital. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Two Authors

Hamer, D., & Copeland, P. (2004). Living with our genes: Why they matter more than you think.

New York: Doubleday.

Multiple Authors up to Six Authors

Gaines, A. N., Cusher, S., Williams-Gaffen, M. J., & Cooper, M. (2006). Compound interest: Make your money work for you.

aaaChicago: Peterson.

Edited Book No Authors

Martinez, J. R., & Rosenthal, D. (Eds.). (2003). Agriculture in modern society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Book with Author and Editor

Ashaye, C.M. (2005). Substance abuse: What you should know (D. S. O'Reilly, Ed.). New York: Penguin.

Unknown Author

Oxford essential world atlas. (1996). New York: Oxford University Press.

Article or Chapter in an Edited Book

Fesmire, S. (2004). The social basis of character: An ecological humanist approach.

In H. LaFollette (Ed.), Ethics in practice (pp. 282-292). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Press.

Multi-volume Work

Golden, R. (Ed.). (1999). The Social dimension of western civilization (Vols. 1-2). Boston:

Bedford.

Online Books From a Database

Author's Last name, first name. (Original year of publication).

Original Book. Retrieved month, day, year, from database name.

Kherdian, David (2005). Poems Here and Now. Retrieved Feb. 9, 2005, from

Discovering Collection database.

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Scholarly Journal from an Online Subscription Service

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number (issue number), pages. Date Accessed, from name of Database.

Single Author

Example:

Conran, G. (2001). Social psychology a century ago. American Psychologist, 55(4), 5-13. Retrieved January 15, 2008, from WilsonSelectPlus.

Multiple Authors

Example:

Meilijson, S.R., Kasher, A., & Elizur, A. (2004). Language performance in chronic schizo:phrenia: A pragmatic approach. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research,

aaaaa47, 695-697. Retrieved January 18, 2008, from Elibrary.

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CD Recordings

Songwriter, W.W. (Date of Copyright). Title of Song. Title of album. [Medium of recording ]. Location: Label. (Recording date if different from copyright date).

Example:

Shocked, M. (1992). Over the waterfall. On Arkansas traveler

[CD]. New York: PolyGram Music.

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Encyclopedias & Reference Sources

Online Encyclopedia or Reference Source

Author. (Date). Title of Article. Retrieved month, day, year, from the database.

Example:
Truemper, S. (2005). Volcanoes. Retrieved February 8, 2005, from the database World Book Online Reference Center.

Print Encyclopedia or a Multi-volume Reference Set

Example:

Bergmann, P.G. (1993). Relativity. In The New Encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508).

Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

Chapter in a volume in a series

Example:

Hurley, T., & Macomb, C. S. (2003). Bipolar: Alternative treatments. In J. K. Russell (Series Ed.) & W. P. Paxton (Vol.

Ed.), Psychology Handbook: Vol. 3. Treatments used in modern society (3rd ed., pp. 3 - 57). Chicago: Gale Group.

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"Free" Internet Sites

Articles from purchased Internet databases such as

EBSCO, SIRS, Chicago Tribune, Electric Library, etc. should not be cited using this format.

Use the magazine/newspaper/electronic book formats.

Author. Last name, first name. (Date of document). Title of work.

Retrieved month, day, year, from the URL

"Free" Internet Site:

Example:

Mayo Clinic Staff. (2005, March 15). Lead poisoning. Retrieved March 14, 2005

from http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?objectid=0A7D73B9-8E5D-4DD2-B3D49ABEE6FD2AE7

Chapter or section in a "Free" Internet nonperiodical document:

American Cancer Society. (2005). What about second hand cigar smoke? In Cigar smoking. Retrieved June 2, 2005, from

http://www.cancer.org/docroot/PED/content/PED_10_2X_Cigar_Smoking.asp?sitearea=ped

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Interviews

Because this material is not recoverable (i.e., it is not possible for someone else to see or hear it), it should not be listed in the list of References. It can, however, be cited parenthetically within the text. It is extremely important that what is cited in this way be legitimate and have scholarly integrity.

Person being interviewed. Personal Interview. Date of Interview.

Example:

(interview):
Wilbur finds himself sometimes surprised by the claims of religiosity made by contemporaries.
(personal letter, March 28, 1977)

(phone conversation):
According to Connie May Fowler, the sources for her novel Sugar Cane were largely autobiographical
(personal phone conversation, July 22, 2003).

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Magazine/Newspaper Articles

Includes Internet articles from SIRS, Electric Library, EBSCO, etc.

Author, Last Name, First Name Initial. (Date of Document). Title of article.

Title of Magazine, vol. and page #s. Retrieved month, day, year, from database.

Internet Article from a Database

Example:

Viadero, D. (2005, January 12). Uniform Effects. Education Week, 24, 27-29. Retrieved January 12, 2005,

from SIRS Knowledge Source database.

Internet Article based on a print source

Example:

Gruff, D., Carlson, F. & Nelson, R. (2004). Children's view on outdoor activities [Electronic version]. Journal of Adolescent

Development, 24, 27-29.

Article in an Internet-only Journal

Example:

Valdez, S. (2001, April 12). Academic achievement in middle class neighborhoods. Journal of Modern Education, 15, 114 - 127.

Retrieved December 4, 2002, from http://www.jme.org/education/2001volume/44599.html

Print Magazine Article

Author. (Year of Magazine). Title of article. Title of periodical, volume # page #s.

Example:

Thomas, E. & Hosenball, M. (2004, May 31). Bush's Mr. Wrong:

The Rise and Fall of Chalabi. Newsweek, 143, 22–32.

Print Newspaper Article

Example:

Haney, D. Q. (2005, March 5). Finding eats at mystery of appetite.

The New York Times, p. A1.

Online Newspaper Articlefrom a Database

Author, Last Name, First Name. (Original Date). Title of Article.

Title of Newspaper, xx, xxx-xxx. Retrieved month, day, year, from database.

Grady, D., Jackson, R. W., (2004). The Secret Life of a Potent Cell. The New York Times, F1. Retrieved

     February 9, 2005, from eLibrary database.

Daily Newspaper, electronic version available by search

Smith, D. G. (2001, May 8). The mysterious case of the flying politician. New York Times. Retrieved January 23, 2002, from

http://www.nytimes.com

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Images

Includes Photographs, Charts, Drawings, Graphs)

Photographer or Artist's Name. Title or Description of Image. [Photograph]. Retrieval Date. Author of Web Site (if available). Associated Organization. URL.

Keller, M. "Water Falls". [Photograph]. Retrieved October 12, 2006, from Bureau of Florida Tourism. http://www.floridasun.com/miami/4536.html

“ Skating on Ice”. [Photograph]. Retrieved November 2, 2006, from U.S. Olympic Organization. http://www.usaskating.org/dece/ice.html.

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Brochures

Author. (Date). Title. Location of Publication: Publisher.

Example:

Beck, C. A.J., & Sales, B.D. (2001). Family Mediation: Facts, myths and future prospects. Washington, DC:

American Psychological Association.

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Television or Radio Programs

Televison Broadcast

Example:

Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993, October 11). The MacNeil/Lehrer news hour

[Television Broadcast]. New York: and Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Service.

a

Television Broadcast Transcript from Online Database.

Author, Last Name, First Name. (Original Date). Title.

    xx, xxx-xxx. Retrieved month, day, year, from database.

Example:

    Boucher, Richard. (2001). State Department Regular News Briefing.

          pp.1 -pp.17. Retrieved February 9, 2005 from eLibrary.

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Videocassette, DVD or Slide Program

Examples:

Public Broadcasting System (Producer). (1997). The new urban renewal: Reclaiming our neighborhoods

[Videotape]. Alexandria. VA: PBS Video.

Scorsese, M. (Producer), & Lonergan, K. (Writer/Director). (2000). You can count on me [Motion Picture]

United States: Paramount Pictures.

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